Civic 101

The federal government has three branches. Congress creates federal laws, the president leads the executive branch and federal courts interpret laws and the Constitution. Federal decisions can affect taxes, healthcare programs, civil rights, national defense, immigration and other nationwide matters.

State governments create and enforce laws within their states. Governors, state legislators, state courts and state agencies make decisions involving education, transportation, public safety, healthcare, professional licensing, elections and state budgets.

Local governments can include counties, cities, towns, school boards and special districts. They make decisions involving local roads, zoning, public safety, schools, utilities, housing, parks and community services.

Primary elections help determine which candidates will represent political parties in a general election. Primary rules and eligibility vary by state, so visitors should verify requirements through their official state election office.

General elections determine who will hold public office. Depending on the election, voters may also decide proposed laws, constitutional amendments, bonds or other ballot questions.

Special elections may be held outside the regular election schedule to fill a vacant office or decide a specific public question. Dates and rules vary by state and locality.

Federal midterm elections occur halfway through a presidential term. All seats in the U.S. House of Representatives and approximately one-third of the U.S. Senate are regularly scheduled for election during federal midterms. State and local races may also appear on the ballot.

Ballot measures allow voters to decide certain proposed laws, constitutional amendments, funding questions or local policies directly. The language and legal effect of ballot measures vary by jurisdiction.

City councils, county commissions, school boards and other public bodies regularly hold meetings. These meetings allow residents to follow public decisions, review agendas and, when permitted, provide public comments.

Residents can contact public officials to ask questions, request assistance or express views about public matters. Use official government directories to confirm the correct office and contact information.